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		localization resources Apple Computer, Inc. Internationalization and Localization Resources (includes OS-X) Award-winning theses on localisation featured by the Localisation Research Centre Featured theses include "Metrics for Evaluating Translation Memory Software (MA)" by Francie Gow (2003), "The Localisation Outsourcing Decision (MBA)" by John Papaioannou (2002), "Web Site Localisation and Internationalisation: a Case Study (MsC)" by Noelia Corte Fernández (2001), "A Paradigm for Creating Multilingual Interfaces (PhD)" by Patrick O'Sullivan (2000) and "An examination of the Impact of Subjective Cultural Issues on the Usability of a Localised Web Site (MA)" by Yvonne Cleary (1999) Character Entity References used in HTML4 Charset detection in Mozilla by Frank Yung-Fong Tang Lists of supported charsets for various platforms and browsers Internet Explorer Java 2, Standard Edition, 1.3 Java 2, Standard Edition, 1.4.2 Microsoft Mozilla: browser (from Mozilla source, courtesy Bob Jung) Bob notes: The above file has a long list of name-value pairs. The names are the recognized charset values used by Mozilla and Netscape 6 -- these are what you are allowed to use in your HTML or XML charset specifications. (The values are the internal names used by our Unicode converter.) But to determine which charset name you use in your server or in your content, you should refer to the IANA list for the preferred internet name which is sometimes one fo the aliases and not necessarily the officially registered name. Mozilla: e-mail Chinese, Japanese, and Korean character set standards and encoding systems by Ken Lunde This online document, available via ftp, provides information on CJK (that is, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean) character set standards and encoding systems. In short, it provides detailed information on how CJK text is handled electronically. "Developing International Software For Windows 95 and Windows NT," by Nadine Kano (entire book is on-line) "Developing Multilingual Web Applications Using JavaServer Pages Technology," by Norbert Lindenberg dmoz open directory containing 560+ organized links related to globalization ELECT Online ELECT Online is a recently-launched independent portal for the localisation community. It has been developed as part of the European Union funded ELECT project and is hosted by the Localisation Resource Centre. Global Application Developer Corner from Sun Microsystems The Sun Microsystems Global Application Developer Corner is a collection of information and resources to help developers globalize their applications. Resource material, sample code, testing tools, and useful links provide information for developers to learn more about software globalization. Globalization guidelines from Microsoft Globalization white papers from Uniscape (registration required) HTML Unleashed: Internationalizing HTML No book on HTML is complete without a section on the ways to overcome the pronounced Western bias in the language and to provide for its fruitful application in the worldwide multilingual environment. This chapter covers the main approaches to this problem, both those used by practicing webmasters all around the world and those devised by standard-setting bodies. "How to Internationalize JSP-based Web Sites" by Govind Seshadri Information on ISO 8859-1 This FAQ discusses topics related to the use of ISO 8859-1 based 8-bit character sets. It discusses how to use European (Latin American)national character sets on UNIX-based systems and the Internet. i18n gurus i18n gurus is a non-profit open i18n resources directory. The site is aimed at developers and project managers involved in i18n projects. It tries to gather links to all the resources that could be useful in internationalization projects (from international standards specifications to character set tutorials). the i18n guy Tex Texin's site of internationalization, localization, standards, and amusements i18n.com Barry Caplan's site featuring information on localization, internationalization and resources for creating global software. International Font FAQ Lots of good information on international charsets and fonts. Lists fonts which are available free of charge,via the internet. Internationalization and Localization Overview from the W3C, including a FAQ The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) develops interoperable technologies (specifications, guidelines, software, and tools) to lead the Web to its full potential as a forum for information, commerce, communication, and collective understanding. Internationalization Testing Some internationalization (i18n) principles and practices on how to test and verify your product for global-readiness. Introduction to Microsoft's MLang MLang implements a set of services that is designed to help make software that interacts with Internet data more international. More specifically, MLang helps solve problems presented by the multilingual environment that exists for software today. This article describes the services that are provided by the MLang Component Object Model (COM) object. ISO 3166 country codes ISO 639-2 (3-letter language codes) This is the official site of the ISO 639-2 Registration Authority and thus is the only one authorized by ISO. ISO 639 provides two sets of language codes, one as a two-letter code set (639-1) and another as a three-letter code set (this part of ISO 639) for the representation of names of languages. ISO 639-1 was devised primarily for use in terminology, lexicography and linguistics. ITS Requirements Document (Requires membership in group lisa-its) The Java International API Java Internationalization - An Overview Java internationalization links Java Internationalization - Localization with ResourceBundles Java Internationalization Tutorial JavaWorld article (Internationalize JSP-based Websites) JavaWorld article (Internationalize your software) Lionbridge knowledge center featuring articles and white papers on topics in globalization "The Localization Process: Globalizing your Code and Localizing your Site," by Sjoert Ebben and Gwyneth Marshall (Microsoft Corporation) Localization testing checklist (from Nadine Kano's book) Master in Localization (post-graduate) programme, from Gruppo L10N (in Italian) This course has been designed and will be taught by Gruppo L10N members: Italian localization professionals with a common interest in education for the GILT industry. The course is built around practice-oriented teaching and the majority of the learning activities will be carried out by working on a real localization project. Moreover, the course will include seminars, lectures and workshops given by guest speakers. Microsoft Global Developers' Site Perl, unicode and i18n FAQ Unicode is a 16-bit character set encoding and related semantics for simultaneously representing all modern written languages (and more). Unicode is the key technology for globalizing software, and has been implemented in Internet and database software. With that power comes a price: Unicode is a complicated standard that requires skill and tools support to implement. This document was written to explain Unicode and international programming to two audiences, Perl porters (developers) and Perl users. Perl tutorial on locale handling Perl supports language-specific notions of data such as ``is this a letter'', ``what is the uppercase equivalent of this letter'', and ``which of these letters comes first''. These are important issues, especially for languages other than English--but also for English: it would be naďve to imagine that A-Za-z defines all the ``letters'' needed to write in English. Perl is also aware that some character other than '.' may be preferred as a decimal point, and that output date representations may be language-specific. The process of making an application take account of its users' preferences in such matters is called internationalization (often abbreviated as i18n); telling such an application about a particular set of preferences is known as localization (l10n). A Practical Guide to Localization by Bert Esselink A Practical Guide to Localization by Bert Esselink has now been fully updated and revised to reflect the latest technologies, best practices, and industry developments. The book was written for technical translators, localization engineers, testing engineers, desktop publishers, project managers, and anyone else who may be involved in the release of multilingual products. This site contains references and links relevant to technical translation and localization. The Silicon Valley Localization Forum Sun Software Product Internationalization Taxonomy "Translation is not Enough. Considerations for Global Internet Development," by John Harris and Ryan McCormack (Sapient Corporation) A Tutorial on Character Code Issues This document tries to clarify the concepts of character repertoire, character code, and character encoding especially in the Internet context. It specifically avoids the term character set, which is confusingly used to denote repertoire or code or encoding. ASCII, ISO 646, ISO 8859 (ISO Latin, especially ISO Latin 1), Windows character set, ISO 10646 (UCS), Unicode, UTF-8, UTF-7, MIME, and QP are used as examples. This document in itself does not contain solutions to practical problems with character codes (but see section Further reading). Rather, it gives background information needed for understanding what solutions there might be, what the different solutions do - and what's really the problem in the first place. Unicode Consortium home page The Unicode Consortium is responsible for defining the behavior and relationships between Unicode characters, and providing technical information to implementers. The Consortium cooperates with ISO in refining the specification and expanding the character set. Unicode Primer from The University of Michigan "Web Technologies Localization Handbook," by Rubric (on-line, registration required) Win32 internationalization checklist (from Nadine Kano's book) www.globalization.com A portal to information about globalization, internationalization, localization and translation. XenCraft Provides training on internationalization, localization, project management and the like XML internationalization FAQ from opentag.com Yamada Language Center Font Archive Our non-English Font Archive is designed to assist users who wish to display or type non-English fonts on their computers. Please send comments, requests and submissions to the Webmaster Copyright © 1994-2005, Language Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.